Medical Microbiology

Medical Microbiology

Last edition Elsevier While medical and hygienic developments have driven down the mortality rates of infectious diseases, pathogenic microorganisms are still a major factor in everyday clinical practice. They are still the most frequent cause of death in Third World countries. New and incurable infectious diseases are a worldwide problem. It is inescapable, therefore, that modern medicine must redouble its efforts to understand the relationship between microorganisms and humans and continue to lead the search for new therapies.

Last Edition

ISBN 13:h9783131319913

Imprint:hThieme

Language:hEnglish

Authors:hF. H. Kayser

Pub Date:h10/2004

Pages:h728

Illus:hIllustrated

Weight:h590.00 grams

Size:h124 X 190 mm

Product Type:hSoftcover

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  • • The following five subject areas are covered:Immunology Bacteriology Mycology Virology ParasitologyThis book provides a clearly focused and richly detailed review of the entire field of medical microbiology.
  • • It is both a textbook for students of medicine and dentistry and a useful companion for medical technicians and laboratory assistants, both at school and in the laboratory. It will also serve as a handy work of reference for clinical practitioners.
  • • The book is structured with teachability in mind: The many color illustrations and microscopic images render complex themes readily accessible.
  • • Summaries at the beginning of every chapter, a color-coded reference guide and detailed diagnostic tables make this an excellent sourcebook for rapid learning and quick reference.
  • • A list of important internet addresses in the appendix will help the book's users keep abreast of cutting-edge research.
    Fritz H. Kayser (Author), , M.D., Emeritus Professor of Medical Microbiology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
  • Kurt A. Bienz (Author), Ph.D. Emeritus Professor of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Basle, Basle, Switzerland.
  • Johannes Eckert (Author), D.V.M. Emeritus Professor of Parasitology, Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
  • Rolf M. Zinkernagel (Author), M.D. Professor, Institute of Experimental Immunology, Department of Pathology, Zurich, Switzerland.
  • I Basic Principles of Medical Microbiology and Immunology
  • 1 General Aspects of Medical Microbiology
  • 2 F. H. Kayser The History of Infectious Diseases 2
  • The Past 2 The Henle–Koch Postulates 3 The Present 3 Pathogens 4 Subcellular Infectious Entities 4 Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Microorganisms 4 Bacteria 5 Fungi and Protozoa 6 Animals 7 Host–Pathogen Interactions 7 Basic Terminology of Infectiology 8 Determinants of Bacterial Pathogenicity and Virulence 8 Adhesion 11 Invasion and Spread 12 Strategies against Nonspecific Immunity 12 Strategies against Specific Immunity 13 Clinical Disease 15 Regulation of Bacterial Virulence 18 The Genetics of Bacterial Pathogenicity 20 Defenses against Infection 21 Nonspecific Defense Mechanisms 21 Specific Defense Mechanisms 23 Defects in Immune Defenses 24 Normal Flora 24 XVI Contents B-Cell Epitopes and B-Cell Proliferation 67 Monoclonal Antibodies 69 T-Independent B Cell Responses 69 T Cells 71 T-Cell Activation 71 T-Cell Activation by Superantigens 72 Interactions between Cells of the Immune System 72 T Helper Cells (CD4+ T Cells) and T-B Cell Collaboration 72 Subpopulations of T Helper Cells 75 Cytotoxic T Cells (CD8+ T Cells) 75 Cytokines (Interleukins) and Adhesion 77 Antibody-Dependent Cellular Immunity and Natural Killer Cells 85 Humoral, Antibody-Dependent Effector Mechanisms 85 The Complement System 86 Immunological Cell Death 90 Immunological Tolerance 90 T-Cell Tolerance 90 B-Cell Tolerance 93 Immunological Memory 94
  • B-Cell Memory 96 T-Cell Memory 98
  • Immune Defenses against Infection and Tumor Immunity 99 General Rules Applying to Infection Defenses 100 Immune Protection and Immunopathology 103 Influence of Prophylactic Immunization on the Immune Defenses 106 Tumor Immunity 107 The Pathological Immune Response 108
  • Type I: IgE-Triggered Anaphylaxis 108
  • Type II: Cytotoxic Humoral Immune Responses 109 Autoantibody Responses 110 Anti-blood Group Antibody Reactions 111
  • Type III: Diseases Caused by Immune Complexes 113
  • Type IV: Cell-mediated Immunopathology 114 Transplantation Immunity 115 Immune Defects and Immune Response Modulation 117
  • Contents XV
  • Immune Defects 118 Immunoregulation 118 Immunostimulation 119 Immunosuppression 120 Adaptive Immunotherapy 120 Immunological Test Methods 121 Antigen and Antibody Assays 121 Immunoprecipitation in Liquids and Gels 121 Agglutination Reaction 123 Complement Fixation Test (CFT) 125 Direct and Indirect Immunofluorescence 125 Radioimmunological and Enzyme Immunological Tests 128 In-Vitro Cellular Immunity Reactions 129 Isolation of Lymphocytes 129 Lymphocyte Function Tests 132
  • II Bacteriology
  • 3 General Bacteriology 146 F. H. Kayser The Morphology and Fine Structure of Bacteria 146 Bacterial Forms 146 Fine Structures of Bacteria 148 Nucleoid (Nucleus Equivalent) and Plasmids 148 Cytoplasm 151 The Cytoplasmic Membrane 151 Cell Wall 152 Capsule 157 Flagella 157 Attachment Pili (Fimbriae), Conjugation Pili 158 Biofilm 158 Bacterial Spores 159 The Physiology of Metabolism and Growth in Bacteria 160 Bacterial Metabolism 160 Types of Metabolism 160 Catabolic Reactions 161 Anabolic Reactions 163 Metabolic Regulation 164
  • XVI Contents Growth and Culturing of Bacteria 164 Nutrients 164 Growth and Cell Death 165 The Molecular Basis of Bacterial Genetics 166 The Structure of Bacterial DNA 167 DNA Replication 168 Transcription and Translation 168 Regulation of Gene Expression 169 The Genetic Variability of Bacteria 170 Molecular Mechanisms of Genetic Variability 171 Spontaneous Mutation 171 Recombination 171 Intercellular Mechanisms of Genetic Variability 174 Transformation 174 Transduction 174 Conjugation 175 Restriction, Modification, and Gene Cloning 177 Bacteriophages 182 Definition 182 Morphology 182 Composition 183 Reproduction 184 Lysogeny 186 The Principles of Antibiotic Therapy 187 Definitions 187 Spectrum of Action 196 Efficacy 196 Mechanisms of Action 197 Pharmacokinetics 200 Side Effects 200 The Problem of Resistance 201 Definitions 201 Incidence, Significance 201 Resistance Mechanisms 202 Evolution of Resistance to Anti-Infective Agents 203 Resistance Tests 204 Combination Therapy 205 Chemoprophylaxis 206 Immunomodulators 207 Laboratory Diagnosis 207 Preconditions, General Methods, Evaluation 208 Preconditions 208 General Methods and Evaluation 208 Sampling and Transport of Test Material 208 Microscopy 211 Culturing Methods 212 Identification of Bacteria 214 Molecular Methods 216 Direct Detection of Bacterial Antigens 217 Diagnostic Animal Tests 217 Bacteriological Laboratory Safety 217 Taxonomy and Overview of Human Pathogenic Bacteria 218 Classification 218 Nomenclature 228
  • 4 Bacteria as Human Pathogens 229 F. H. Kayser Staphylococcus 229 Staphylococcus aureus 230 Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci (CNS) 234 Streptococcus and Enterococcus 234 Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pneumococci) 240 Streptococcus agalactiae (B Streptococci) 242 Oral Streptococci 242 Enterococcus (Enterococci) 243 Gram-Positive, Anaerobic Cocci 244 Bacillus 244 Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax) 245 Clostridium 246 The Pathogens That Cause Gas Gangrene (Clostridial Myonecrosis) and Anaerobic Cellulitis 246 Clostridium tetani (Tetanus) 248 Clostridium botulinum (Botulism) 250 Clostridium difficile (Pseudomembranous Colitis) 251 Listeria, Erysipelothrix, and Gardnerella 251 Listeria monocytogenes 252 Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae 253 Gardnerella vaginalis 254 Corynebacterium, Actinomyces, Other Gram-Positive Rod Bacteria 254 Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Diphtheria 255 Actinomyces 258 Other Gram-Positive Rod Bacteria 260 Mycobacterium 262 Tuberculosis Bacteria (TB) 263 eprosy Bacteria (LB) 269 Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) 271 Nocardia 272 Neisseria, Moraxella, and Acinetobacter 273 Neisseria gonorrheae (Gonorrhea) 274 Neisseria meningitidis (Meningitis, Sepsis) 276 Moraxella and Acinetobacter 278 Enterobacteriaceae, Overview 278 Salmonella (Gastroenteritis, Typhoid Fever, Paratyphoid Fever) 282 Shigella (Bacterial Dysentery) 287 Yersinia (Plague, Enteritis) 289 Yersinia pestis 289 Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis 290 Escherichia coli 292 vOpportunistic Enterobacteriaceae 295 Vibrio, Aeromonas, and Plesiomonas 296 Vibrio cholerae (Cholera) 297 Other Vibrio Bacteria 300 Aeromonas and Plesiomonas 300 Haemophilus and Pasteurella 300 Haemophilus influenzae 301 Haemophilus ducreyi and Haemophilus aegyptius 303 Pasteurella 303 Gram-Negative Rod Bacteria with Low Pathogenic Potential 304 Campylobacter, Helicobacter, Spirillum 306 Campylobacter 306 Helicobacter pylori 307 Spirillum minus 308 Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas, Burkholderia 308 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 309 Other Pseudomonas species, Stenotrophomonas and Burkholderia 310 Legionella (Legionnaire’s Disease) 311 Brucella, Bordetella, Francisella 313 Brucella (Brucellosis, Bang’s Disease) 313 Bordetella (Whooping Cough, Pertussis) 315 Francisella tularensis (Tularemia) 316 Gram-Negative Anaerobes 317 Treponema (Syphilis, Yaws, Pinta) 320 Treponema pallidum, subsp. pallidum (Syphilis) 320 Treponema pallidum, subsp. endemicum (Nonvenereal Syphilis) 323 Treponema pallidum, subsp. pertenue (Yaws) 323 Treponema carateum (Pinta) 323 Borrelia (Relapsing Fever, Lyme Disease) 324 Borrelia That Cause Relapsing Fevers 324 Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme Disease) 326 Leptospira (Leptospirosis, Weil Disease) 328 Rickettsia, Coxiella, Orientia, and Ehrlichia (Typhus, Spotted Fever, Q Fever, Ehrlichioses) 330 Bartonella and Afipia 334 Bartonella 334 Afipia felis 335 Chlamydia 335 Overview and General Characteristics of Chlamydiae 336 Chlamydia psittaci (Ornithosis, Psittacosis) 337 Chlamydia trachomatis (Trachoma, Lymphogranuloma venereum) 338 Chlamydia pneumoniae 339 Mycoplasma 340 Nosocomial Infections 342 Definition 342 Pathogens, Infections, Frequency 342 Sources of Infection, Transmission Pathways 345 Control 345
  • III Mycology 5 General Mycology 348 F. H. Kayser General Characteristics of Fungi 348 Definition and Taxonomy 348 Morphology 349 Metabolism 351 Reproduction in Fungi 351 General Aspects of Fungal Disease 352 Fungal Allergies and Fungal Toxicoses 352 Mycogenic Allergies 352 Mycotoxicoses 353 Mycoses 353 Host-Pathogen Interactions 353 Diagnosis 356 Therapy 356
  • 6 Fungi as Human Pathogens 358 F. H. Kayser Primary Mycoses 358 Histoplasma capsulatum (Histoplasmosis) 358 Coccidioides immitis (Coccidioidomycosis) 360 Blastomyces dermatitidis (North American Blastomycosis) 361 Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (South American Blastomycosis) 361 Opportunistic Mycoses 362 Candida (Soor) 362 Aspergillus (Aspergillosis) 364 Cryptococcus neoformans (Cryptococcosis) 366 Mucor, Absidia, Rhizopus (Mucormycoses) 367 Phaeohyphomycetes, Hyalohyphomycetes, Opportunistic Yeasts, Penicillium marneffei 369 Pneumocystis carinii (Pneumocystosis) 370 Subcutaneous Mycoses 372 Cutaneous Mycoses 372 Dermatophytes (Dermatomycoses or Dermatophytoses) 372 Other Cutaneous Mycoses 374
  • IV Virology 7 General Virology 376 K. A. Bienz Definition 376 Morphology and Structure 377 Classification 380 Replication 381 Viral Protein Synthesis 387 Genetics 389 Host-Cell Reactions 392 Cell Destruction (Cytocidal Infection, Necrosis) 392 Virus Replication without Cell Destruction (Noncytocidal Infection) 393 Latent Infection 394 Tumor Transformation 394 Carcinogenic Retroviruses (“Oncoviruses”) 394 DNA Tumor Viruses 396 Pathogenesis 396 Defense Mechanisms 399 Nonspecific Immune Defenses 400 Specific Immune Defenses 401 Prevention 402 Chemotherapy 404 Laboratory Diagnosis 405 ratory Diagnosis 405 Virus Isolation by Culturing 406 Direct Virus Detection 408 Virus Detection Following Biochemical Amplification 409 Serodiagnosis 411
  • XXII Contents 8 Viruses as Human Pathogens 412 K. A. Bienz DNA Viruses 412 Viruses with Single-Stranded DNA Genomes 412 Parvoviruses 412 Viruses with Double-Stranded DNA Genomes 413 Papillomaviruses 413 Polyomaviruses 415 Adenoviruses 416 Herpesviruses 418 Poxviruses 426 Hepadnaviruses: Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis D Virus 429 RNA Viruses 434 Viruses with Single-Stranded RNA Genomes, Sense-Strand Orientation 434 Picornaviruses 434 Astrovirus and Calicivirus; Hepatitis E 438 Astroviruses 439 Caliciviruses 439 Hepatitis E Virus 440 Togaviruses 440 Flaviviruses 442 Coronaviruses 446 Retroviruses 448 Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV) 451 Viruses with Double-Stranded RNA Genomes 455 Reoviruses 455 Viruses with Single-Stranded RNA Genomes, Antisense-Strand Orientation 457 Orthomyxoviruses 458 Bunyaviruses 460 Arenaviruses 462 Paramyxoviruses 464 Rhabdoviruses 467 Filoviruses (Marburg and Ebola Viruses) 471 Subviral Pathogens: Viroids and Prions 472 Viroids 472 Prions 473
  • Contents XXIII V Parasitology 9 Protozoa 476 J. Eckert Giardia intestinalis 478 Trichomonas vaginalis 481 Trypanosoma 483 Leishmania 493 Entamoeba histolytica and Other Intestinal Amebas 499 Naegleria, Acanthamoeba, and Balamuthia 507 Toxoplasma gondii 507 Isospora 515 Cyclospora cayetanensis 515 Sarcocystis 516 Cryptosporidium 517 Plasmodium 520 Babesia 538 Microspora 538 Balantidium coli 542
  • 10 Helminths 543 J. Eckert Plathelmintha (syn. Platyhelminthes) 546 Trematoda (Flukes 546 Schistosoma (Blood Flukes) 546 Fasciola species 555 Dicrocoelium 557 Opisthorchis and Clonorchis (Cat Liver Fluke and Chinese Liver Fluke) 557 Paragonimus (Lung Flukes) 558 Cestoda (Tapeworms) 560 Taenia Species 560
  • XXIV Contents Echinococcus 565 Hymenolepis 575 Diphyllobothrium 575 Nematoda (Roundworms) 576 Intestinal Nematodes 576 Ascaris lumbricoides (Large Roundworm)577 Trichuris trichiura (Whipworm) 579 Ancylostoma and Necator (Hookworms) 580 Strongyloides 582 Enterobius 585 Nematodal Infections of Tissues and the Vascular System 587 Filarioidea (Filariae) 587 Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia Species 588 Loa 593 Mansonella Species 593 Onchocerca 594 Trichinella 597 Infections Caused by Nematodal Larvae 601 Larva Migrans Externa or Cutaneous Larva Migrans (“Creeping Eruption”) 602 Larva Migrans Interna or Visceral Larva Migrans 602
  • 11 Arthropods 606
    • J. Eckert Arachnida 607 Ticks (Ixodida) 607 Mites 610 Insects 612 Lice (Anoplura) 612 Bugs (Heteroptera) 616 Mosquitoes and Flies (Diptera: Nematocera and Brachycera) 616 Fleas (Siphonatera) 618 Appendix to Chapters 9 – 11 621 Shipment of Materials 621 Stool 621 Blood 622
  • Contents XXV Serum 623 Cerebrospinal Fluid 623
    • Bronchial Specimens 623 Urine 623 Cultivation 623 Material for Polymerase Chain Reaction 624 Tissue Specimens and Parasites 624 Immunodiagnostic and Molecular Techniques 624
  • VI Organ System Infections 12 Etiological and Laboratory Diagnostic Summaries in Tabular Form 630
    • F. H. Kayser, J. Eckert, K. A. Bienz Upper Respiratory Tract 630 Lower Respiratory Tract 632 Urogenital Tract 635 Genital Tract (Venereal Diseases) 637 Gastrointestinal Tract 638 Digestive Glands and Peritoneum 641 Nervous System 644 Cardiovascular system 647 Hematopoietic and Lymphoreticular System 648 Skin and Subcutaneous Connective Tissue (Local or Systemic Infections with Mainly Cutaneous Manifestation) 650 Bone, Joints, and Muscles 653 Eyes and ears 655 Literature 659 Medical Microbiology and the Internet 661
  • Index 663
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