Criminal Law

Criminal Law

Last edition Elsevier Written by a leading academic in this field, Criminal Law combines coverage of the core legal principles with discussion of the theories and academic debates which underpin the subject. A range of hypothetical examples to illustrate problematic case scenarios and further reading suggestions are also included throughout the book making Criminal Law the ideal companion to support you in your study.

Last Edition

ISBN 13: 9781292129051

Imprint: Pearson Education Limited

Language: English

Authors: William Wilson

Pub Date: 07/2017

Pages: 688

Illus: Illustrated

Weight: 1,142.00 grams

Size: 173 x 241 mm

Product Type: Softcover

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  • • A strong understanding of the key aspects of criminal liability, major criminal offences and defences necessary for your course
  • • A range of hypothetical case examples clarifying your understanding of complex points and illustrating how you can apply the legal principles to a wealth of factual scenarios
  • • Key further reading references to pertinent academic articles and end of chapter summaries to cement your understanding of the subject area and provide a springboard to further study.
  • • Extensive discussion of R v Jogee (2016) and the extent to which this decision changes the substantive law of joint enterprise liability. Childs (2015), Anwar (2015) and Johnson (2016) are also considered
  • • Ali and Ashraf (2015) on consent
  • • Brennan (2014) and Golds (2014) on diminished responsibility and Gurpinar on loss of
  • William Wilson is Professor of Criminal Law at Queen Mary, University of London, and course convenor and Chief Examiner for criminal law on the University of London International Laws Programme.
  • Preface xvii
  • Publisher's acknowledgements xviii
  • Table of cases xx
  • Table o f statutes xxxiv
  • Table of statutory instruments xl
  • Table of United States legislation xli
  • Table o f international conventions xlii
  • Abbreviations xliii
  • Part I
  • Introduction 1
  • 1
  • Understanding criminal law 3
  • 1.1Introduction 3 * 1.2 What is the criminal law? 4 * 1.3 What are the concerns of the criminal law? 4 A The support al public interests in - 6 B "The support of private interests m - 6 * 1.4 How are the criminal law's purposes discharged? 6 * A Law enforcement 6 * B Bringing proceedings 8 * C Trial 9 1 Proving guilt 9 * 2 Burdens of proof, evidential burden and burden of persuasion 10 * 3 The presumption of innocence 11 * 4 Judge and jury 12 1.5 Where do the rules of criminal law come from? 13 * A Common law 14 * 1 Historical perspective 14 * 2 The modem perspective 15 * B Statute law 20 * 1 Interrelationship of statute and common law 20 * 2 The principle of legally 20 * 3 Interpreting criminal statutes 21 * 4 Fair warning and social protection 22 * C European Union law 24* D The European Convention on Human Rights 25 * 1 The Human Rights Act 1908 25 * 1.6 Logic and rationality in the criminal law 29 * 1.7 Codification 30 * 1.8 The draft Criminal Code 32
  • 2
  • Decisions to criminalise 34
  • 2.1 Introduction 34 * 2.2 Principles and ideas informing decisions to criminalise 34 * A Autonomy 34 * 1 The harm principles 35 * 2 What e harm? 36 * 3 The harm principle: its influence on criminal doctrine 38 * 4 Alternative notions of autonomy 39 * B Harm prevention and other welfare values 39 * 1 Enforcing morality 40 * 2 Liberal objections to the enforcement of morality 41 * 3 Is there a meaningful difference between legislating to enforce morality and legislating to prevent harm? 42 * 4 Principled approaches to enforcement of morals 43 * C Practical criteria underpinning decisions to criminalise: thresholds of seriousness 44 * 1 Gracing wrongs 44 * 2 Remote harms and non - victimising crimes 45 * 3 Practical bmtng cmena 47
  • 3
  • Punishment 50
  • 3.1 Introduction 50 * 3.2 Punishment in the liberal state 50 * 3.3 Theories of punishment 52 * A Retributive theories 53 * 1 In general 53 * 2 Forms of retributive theory 54 * 3 Punishment as an expression of censure 55 * B Utilitarianism 57 * 1 In general 57 * 2 Forms of utilitarian penal theory 58 * 3 Criticisms 58 * C Mixed theories 61 * 1 Hart s solution 61 * 2 Criiticisms of Hart 61 * 3.4 Rationality and politics in sentencing 62 * 3.5 Conclusion 64
  • General principles of criminal liability 67
  • 4
  • Actus reus 69
  • 4.1 Introduction 80 * 4.2 Elements of liability 69 * 4.3 Interrelationship of actus reus, mens rea and defences 71 * 4.4 The act requirement 73 * 4.5 Exceptions to the act requirement 74 * A Situational lability 74 * B Possession offences 76 * C Omissions 78 * 1 Is it appropriate to criminalse omissions? 78 * D Omission and crimes of commission 80 * 1 Acts and omissions: what's the difference? 81 * 2 Omissions: the common law approach 84 * 3 Circumstances giving rise to a duly to act duty situatons 86 * 4 Circumstances governing the scope of the duty 93 * 5 Omissions an alternative approach 96 * Summary 98
  • 5
  • Causation 99
  • 5.1 Introduction 99 * 5.2 Causation in crime and tort 100 * 5.3 Causation and blameworthiness 100 * 5.4 The purpose of establishing causal responsibility 101 * 5.5 Causation: the legal position 102 * A Factual cause 103 * 1 Omissions as factual causes 103 * 2 Causes and conditions contrasted 104 * 3 Particular instances of tactual causation 104 * B Legal cause 106 * 1 The general framework for imputing cause 105 * 5.6 Particular examples of causal sequences giving rise to causation problems 107 * A Subsisting conditions 107 * 1 Medical conditions the thin skull principle 108 * 2 Other substring conditions 108 * 3 Subsequent acts and events 109 * 4 Breaking the Chan of Causation Intervening cause supersedes defendant's act 112 * 5.7 Causation and social justice 116 * Summary 120 * 5.7 Causation and social jus w e i 16 Summary 120
  • 6
  • Mens rea 122
  • 6.1 Introduction 122 * 6.2 Choice and character- two models of responsibility 123 * 6.3 Subjective and objective fault 124 * 6.4 Mens rea and the structure of crime 126 * 6.5 The mens rea words and their meanings 126 * 6.6 Intention 127 * A Everyday usage and its relevance to criminal responsibility 128 * 1 Intention and risk-taking 131 * 2 Summary 133 * B Intention in the criminal law intention purpose and motive 133 * C The meaning of intention In the criminal law 134 * 1 The effect of Woolin 136 * D Conclusion 138 * 6.7 Recklessness 140 * A Recklessness in the criminal law 14O * 1 The subjectivist stance 141 * 2 Caldwell recklessness 143 * 3 The retreat from Caldwell 144 * B Conclusion' recklessness and the politics of social control 147 * 6.8 Knowledge and belief 148 * A what courts as knowledge? 149 * B How extensive does knowledge have to be? 149 * 6.9 Negligence 150 * A Liability for risk-taking recklessness and negligence compered 150 * B Negligence in the criminal law 151 * C The justification for punishing negligence 152 * 1 Negligence and capacity 153 * Summary 154 *
  • 7
  • Strict liability 156
  • 7.1 Introduction 156 * 7.2 Strict liability offences 157 * A Public welfare offences 157 * B Stigmatic offences 157 * 7.3 Justifying strict liability offences 158 * 7.4 The presumption of mens rea 160 * B Possession offences 76 * 7 5 Rebutting the presumption 161 * A The statutory context 162 * B The social context 162 * 1 Real crime and public welfare crime a falsa dichotomy 163 * C Penal efficacy 164 * 7.6 Defences 164 * 7.7 Evaluation 166 * 7.8 Corporate and vicarious liability 167 * 7 9 The delegation principle 168 * 7.10 The scope of vicarious liability 170 * 7.11 Corporate liability 170 * 7.12 The scope of corporate liability 173 * 7.13 Problems of attribution 174 * 7.14 Why punish com pares? 176 Summary 176 *
  • 8
  • Relationship between actus reus and mens rea 179
  • 8.1 Introduction 179 * A Temporal coincidence 180 * 1 Qualifications to the requirement of temporal coincidence 180 * B Definitional concurrence 183 * 1 Qualifications to the requirement of definitional concurrence 183 * 8.2 Mistake 188 * Summary 190
  • 9
  • Defences (1) 191
  • 9.1 Introduction 191 * 9.2 Categorising defences 192 * 9.3 Excuses and Justifications 193 * A Excuses 193 * B Justifications 194 * 1 The point of distinguishing between justification and excuse 195 * 9.4 A common defence template 196 * 9.5 Excuses 197 * 9.6 Involuntary behavior: general 198 * 9.7 Involuntary behaviour (I): physical incapacity 200 * A Poor laud 201 * 9.8 Involuntary behaviour pi): automatism 202 * A Automatism and crimes al mens rea 203 * B Automatism negligence and strict liability 204 * C Conditions of automatism 206 * D Prior fault self-induced automatism 206 * 9 .9 Involuntary behaviour (III): insanity 207 * A The legal test of insanity 209 * 1 Detects of cognition 200 * 2 Defects of reason 214 * 3 Disease of the mod 215 * B Involuntary behaviour evaluation 221 * 9.10 Mistake 222 * A Definitional mistakes 222 * B Mistake as to defences 224 * 9.11 Intoxication 226 * A intoxication its effect on criminal liability 226 * B Distinguishing voluntary and involuntary intoxication 227 * C Voluntary intoxication 229 * 1 Comes of specific intent identified 229 * 2 The rationale for restricting the exculpatory scope of voluntary intoxication 231 * D Intoxicated mistakes 232 * 1 C intoxication and true defences 233 * 2 Intoxication and statutory defences 234 * 3 intoxication and mental disorder 234
  • 10
  • Defences (2): affirmative defences 240
  • 10.1 Relationship between the defences 240 * 10.2 Compulsion: introduction 241 * 10.3 The rationale for excusing on grounds of compulsion 241 * 10 4 Compulsion (I): duress by threats - the legal position 243 * A What threats are required? 243 * B Threats against third parties 244 * C A part subjective and part objective test 245 * 1 The first question 246 * 2 The second question 246 * D Immediacy of the threat 248 * E Prior fault 250 * 1 intoxication 250 * 2 Criminal organisations 2S0 * F Scope al the defence 251 * 10.5 Compulsion (II): duress of circumstances 252 * 10.6 Necessity 253 * A The scope of necessity 254 * B Necessity as an excuse - duress o( circumstances 2S5 * C Necessity as justification 256 * 1 Necessity operating lo defeat interests 261 * D Necessity/duress of circumstances and under 262 * 1 Necessary action consented to and in the public interest 263 * 2 Double efforts and the preservation of life 263 * 10.7 Use of force in puck: and private defence 265 * 10 8 Purposes for which reasonable force may be used 265 * A Rules governing the use of force 266 * 1 The use of force must be necessary 267 * 2 The degree of force used must be proportionate 270 * 3 Proportionate from whose point of view? 270 * 4 What courts as force? 274 * 5 What offences may be commuted for defensive purposes? 275 * 6 Justifying killing 276 * 10.9 Affirmative Defences: concluding remarks 276 * Summary 278
  • Part III
  • Offences against the person 281
  • 11
  • Non-fatal offences 283
  • 11.1 Introduction 283 * 11.2 Offences protecting physical integrity 283 * A Wounding or causing grievous bodily harm with intent 295 * 1 Actus reus 285 * 2 Mens rea 288 * B Malicious wounding/infiction of grievous bodily harm 291 * 1 Actus reus 291 * 2 Mens rea 296 * C Aggravated assaults 296 * D Assault occasioning actual bodily harm 297 * 1 Actus rea 297 * 2 Mens rea 298 * E Other offences against the person 299 * 11.3 Offences protecting personal autonomy 300 * A Common assault 300 * 1 Assault 301 * 2 Battery 303 * 11.4 Defences to offences against the person 306 * A Consent 306 * 1 The reality of consent 306 * 2 Capacity to give consent 306 * 3 What can be consented to? 309 * 4 Consent and the Law Commission 318 B Necessitv 319 * C Lawful chastisement 319 * 11.5 Reform of offences against the person 320 *
  • 12
  • Sexual offences 324
  • 12.1 The social context 324 * 12.2 The historical context 325 * 12.3 Rape: the elements 326 * A Actus reus 327 * 1 (Penile) penetration 327 * B Mens rea 329 * 12.4 Assault by penetration 329 * A Actus reus 320 * 1 Penetration by a part of D's body or anything else 330 * 2 A “sexual” penetration 330 * B Mans rea 330 * 12.5 Sexual assault 330 * A Actus reus 330 * 1 The touching of another person 330 * 2 The touching is sexual 331 * B Mens rea 332 * 12.6 Causing a person to engage in sexual activity without consent 332 * A Summary 334 * 12.7 Consent 334 * A Theoretical and policy considerations 334 * 1 Relevance of fraud or force -presumptions 336 * 2 Fraud - conclusive presumptions 336 * 3 Evidential presumptions 339 * B Section 74: a definition of consent? 340 * 1 Consent or mere submission? 341 * 2 Does a decked person agree by chore? 342 * 3 When does the intoxication of the complainant vitiate consent? 344 * C Mens rea 346 * D Summary 347 * 12.8 Sexual offences against children 348 * A Offences against a child under the age of 13 349 * B Offences against children under 16 but over 13 349 * C Engaging in sexual activity m the presence of a child 350 * D Causing a child to watch a sexual act 351 * E Arranging or facilitating commission of a child sexual offence 351 * F Meeting a child following sexual grooming 352 * G Other offences 352
  • 13
  • Homicide 354
  • 13.1 Introduction 354 * 13.2 Meaning of homicide 356 * 13.3 Punching homicide 356 * A Criminal homicide the actus reus 358 * 1 Reasonable creature 358 * 2 Unlawful killing 358 * 3 In berg 361 * 13.4 Murder 364 * A Malice aforethought: overview 364 * 1 The menial element tor murder before 1957 364 * 2 The haw post 1957 366 * 3 Sample jury directions 368 * B Concisions a rational mens rea for murder? 370 * 13.5 Malice mitigated: voluntary manslaughter 371 * A Provocation: history and rationale 372 * 1 Loss of sett control: the external trigger 375 * 2 The elements of the defence 375 * B Evaluation 383 * 13.6 Diminished responsibility: the internal logger 384 *A General matters 384 * 8 Statutory detention 385 * C Elements of the defence 386 * 1 Abnormality of mental functioning 386 * 2 A recognised mental condition 386 * 3 Substantially impaired D’s ability to do one or more of the things mentioned * D Corporate manslaughter 403 * 1 The scope of liability 403 * 13 8 Reforming criminal homicide 404 * A Criminal act manslaughter 406 * B Gross negligence manslaughter 406 * Summary 4Q7
  • Part IV
  • Property offences 409
  • 14
  • Theft 411
  • 14.1 Theft: introduction 411 * 14. 2 Theft: the elements 412 * A Actus reus 413 * 1 The appropriation 413 * 2 Properly: general definition 422 * 3 ’Belonging to another'. who does property belong to? 429 * 4 The property must belong to another at the time of the appropriation 436 * B Mens rea 436 * 1 Intention to deprive the owner permanently of his property 437 * 2 Dishonesty 444 * Summary 449
  • 15
  • Fraud and making off without payment 452
  • 15.1 Fraud: the law which it replaces 462 *15.3 Making off without payment 470 * A Actus reus 471 * 1 Making off 471 * 2 Payment tor goods supplied or service done 472 * 3 Without having paid as required or expected 472 * B Mens rea 472 * Summary 473
  • 16
  • Other property offences 474
  • 16.1 Robbery 474 * 16.2 introduction to robbery 474 * A Theft 474 * B The Use or threat of force 475 * 1 On any person 476 * 2 Immediately before or at the time of the stealing 476 * 3 In order to steal 477 * 4 Mental element 477 * 16.3 Burglary 477 * 16.4 Common features in burglary 478 * A Entry 479 * B Entry as a trespasser 479 * 1 Entry with occupier s consent 480 * 2 Entering in excess of permission 481 * C Building or part of a baking 482 * 1 Bursary from part of a building 482 * 2 Inhabited vessels or vehicles 483 * 16.5 Modes of committing burglary 484 * A Section 9(1 a) entering with intent to commit certain offences 484 * B Section 9(1 b|: committing certain offences having first entered as a trespasser 485 * 16.6 Handling 485 * A Actus reus 486 * 1 Stolen goods 486 * 2 Handling 487 * 3 The goods must be stolen of the time that they are Iiwndied 489 B Mens rea 490 * 1 Knowledge or belie* 490 * 2 Dishoneety 482 * Summary 493
  • 17
  • Criminal damage 495
  • 17.1 Introduction 496 * 17.2 Criminal damage 496 * A Actus reus 496 * 1 Destroys or damages 496 * 2 Property 497 * 3 Belonging to another 498 * B Mens rea 499 * C lawful excuse 500 * 17.3 Criminal damage endangering life 504 * A Actus reus 504 * B Mens rea 504 * Summary 506 *
  • Part V
  • Inchoate offences and complicity 507
  • 18
  • Inchoate offences 509
  • 18.1 Introduction 509 * 18.2 Charging inchoate offences 509 * 18.3 Inchoate offences and accessorial liability 510 * 18.4 Attempt 511 A Justification for punishing attempts 512 * B The potential scope of attempts 512 * 1 Thwarted attempts: subjectivist and objectivist: approaches 512 * 2 Fated and impossible attempts 513 * C The level of punishment. retributivist and utilitarian approaches 514 * D When does the attempt begin? The common law tests 516 * 1 Subjectivist tests 516 * 2 Objectivist tests 517 * 18.5 Attempt: the substantive law 518 * A Actus reus 518 * 1 The act interpreted 518 * 2 Evaluation 521 * B Mens rea 523 * 1 Intention 523 * 2 Attempts and recklessness as to circumstances 525 * 3 Conditional intention 528 * C Voluntary abandonment 528 * D impossibility 529 * 1 impossibility under the Act 530 * 18.6 Conspiracy 532 * A Introduction 533 * B Justification for punishing conspiracies 533 * 18.7 Statutory conspiracies 535 * A Actus reus 535 * 1 The agreement 535 2 * Constructing this agreement 536 * 3 The parties to the agreement 537 * 4 Subject matter of the agreement 539 * 5 Agreements subject to condition 540 * B Mens rea 542 * 1 Knowledge of facts and circumstances 542 * 2 Must the substantive offence be intended? 544 * 3 An intention to thwart the criminal purpose 545 * 18.8 Common law conspiracies 546 * A Conspiracy to defraud 546 * B Conspiracy Io corrupt pubic morula 547 * C Conspiracy to outrage public decency 548 * D Impossibility 548 * 18.9 Assisting or encouraging crime 549 * 18.10 Relationship with accessorial liability. overview 549 * 18.11 Part 2 Serious Crime Act 2007: overview 549 * A Common elements 550 * B Intentionally encouraging or assisting an offence 551 * 1 Encouraging or assisting an offence believing it will be committed 552 * 2 Encouraging or assisting offence believing one or more will be committed 553 * C Defences 554 * Summary 554
  • 19
  • Complicity 557
  • 19.1 Introduction 557 * A C as sole principal offender 556 * B C and W as joint principal offenders 559 * C W as principal offender 559 * 19.2 Complicity: definitions and terminology 560 * A Principal 561 * B Innocent agents 561 * C Accessories 562 * D Charging accessories 562 * E Trial procedure 562 * 19.3 The conduct element 564 * A Aid, abet counsel or procure* 564 * 1 Level of participation 564 * 19.4 The mental element 571 * A An mention to aid or encourage 572 * 1 Assent or approval baaed fests of accessorial mention* 573 * 2 Evaluation 574 * B Knowledge of circumstances 575 * 1 How much does an accessory need to know? 576 * C Lability for unintended consequences 578 * D Joint enterprise liability 579 * 1 Elaboration 579 * 19.5 Relationship between liability of the parties 587 * A Conviction of secondary party where perpetrator is not liable 587 * B Level of liability 580 * 19.6 Limits of accessorial liability 591 * A Victim participation 591 * B intention to frustrate crime 592 * C Withdrawal 592 * 1 The case law 594 * Summary 597 * References 599 * index 623 *
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